https://www.mjourcom.ir/ News Science Quarterly (NS) en daily 1 Sat, 22 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Sat, 22 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_238144.html Objective: In this study, the concept of news objectivity in crisis journalism and the factors influencing it are examined.  Methods: Descriptive, analytical, and library-based methods were employed.  Results: Experts argue that maintaining objectivity in crisis journalism is complex and characterized by dualities. In certain crises, complete objectivity may not be attainable. One factor related to objectivity in crisis journalism is the role of assistance provided by journalists, with opinions divided on its appropriateness. Journalistic trauma is another influential factor, as psychological injuries may lead to bias. Finally, despite its benefits, citizen journalism may compromise objectivity due to a lack of awareness among the general public regarding ethical and security considerations, potentially resulting in challenges to objectivity and the spread of misinformation.  Conclusions: Due to the distinct nature of crises, objectivity in crisis journalism differs from that in other journalistic domains and is intertwined with ethical and security concerns that necessitate specific considerations. In this context, journalists adhere to the policies and ethical and security guidelines of their respective news organizations. These organizations must establish clear protocols. Furthermore, news organizations are obligated to provide psychological support to mitigate trauma among crisis journalists. Citizen journalists should also be educated on ethical and security standards to avoid unintentionally creating difficulties for officials or infringing upon the privacy of victims and their families https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_219947.html Objective: This research has been done with the aim of analyzing the content of the TV show "Shiveh" in addressing the aspects of the protests of 2022 that took place after the death of Mrs. Mahsa Amini.Methods: In this research, all 24 episodes broadcasted from the style-oriented talk show, between, 2022/09/20 to 2022/11/02 were studied using the method of quantitative content analysis and data coding in order to achieve analyzable results. And data analysis was done by SPSS software. In this research, "how to implement" and "management of this conversation-oriented program", "performance of presenter and guests", "characteristics of guests" and "type of view of guests towards 2022 protests and its dimensions" were investigated.Results: The results of this study showed that the moderator, by managing the flow of the conversation and maintaining a relative balance in the allocation of time, as well as acceptable neutrality in commenting, has caused no margin in the conversation and its progress towards the main goals. The guests have also increased the attractiveness of the program by expressing their opinions during the conversations, and on the other hand, they have highlighted different aspects of the issue with their discourse biases. Also, experts' attention to two groups of "political" and "social" categories was measured.Conclusions: The results show that the political categories have been more popular with 59 percent allocation and the governance category has been the most emphasized by the experts with 48 percent of the time allocated to political categories. In the "analysis of positions in the talks between the host and the guests”, 48 percent of the experts had a positive view on the category of people's right to protest, and 54 percentof the experts agreed with the category of the role of foreign interventions in the formation and escalation of protests.  https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_238485.html Objective: In general, this article is an analysis of the media's right to free expression in the case of receiving and imparting news of public figures to people in the form of pictures in the European Court of Human Rights' decisions. This article examines in particular how these two rights are balanced in the decisions of the ECtHR. Research Questions:What is the legal status of public figures' right to their pictures? Do these individuals have the same privacy as everyone else or a limited privacy?  If the former is true, what is the justification of the ECtHR's case law?Methodology: In this article, legal documents, in the European Court of Human Rights' decisions, Persian and English articles, and reliable websites are used in a descriptive and analytical method. Results:  Since the last century, the right to freedom of expression has been recognized in different international, regional and national legal documents. Besides, the right to access and receive different kinds of information is implicitly known. Also Journalists have the freedom to publish news compiled from different sources, on different topics and in different formats (e.g. pictures). Taking and sharing photos is considered as a sign of the right to freedom of expression but it is clear that taking photos of others without their permission is illegal, because photos reveal people's privacy and people have the right to protect their own images. However, this is not a pure protection for public figures, so the question is where they can be targeted by media cameras. This problem has led to the emergence of new case laws in different legal systems, especially in Europe. The ECtHR has issued a judicial procedure based on these two contradicted rights. If public figure's pictures need to be published and distributed, the legal basis must be considered, because the right to privacy is a legitimate expectation that everyone has. In three cases, the Hannover family had claimed that their privacy had been violated, but the Court analyzed the circumstances and considered the public interest test. Sometimes, people had public interest to be well-informed of Hannover's lives because of their social responsibility. Also, this criterion of publiv interest is regarded as important for political figures. The privacy zone of these people is restricted due to their impact on the society's destiny. Politicians can be pointed as the aim of being ridiculed and criticized by the opposing parties, which does not constitute a violation of the right to privacy. In spite of whatever is mentioned, when there is no interest for the public, the privacy of public figures must be respected. The Court has tried to control the media power and protect human's privacy altogether by the public interest test in the case-by-case method.Conclusion: As a regional court, the European Court of Human Rights tries to respect the right of expression and the privacy of public figures' images. However, the court has made arbitrary decisions, taking into account the "public interest" criterion, and has made many important and powerful decisions that are open to legal review. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_207498.html Objective: To create a literary, artistic or intellectual work, huge investments are needed. The goal of any intellectual creation is to make the product available to the public on a wider scale. The publication and distribution process also, at this stage of the work, requires an investment worthy of attention. Such investments are made from an economic point of view because a reasonable profit is earned from it. Literary and artistic works are a kind of national property; Therefore, encouraging and encouraging any creativity and supporting it is a form of participation in the development of national culture.Methods: The type of research method is inductive. In terms of the nature of the research method, it is descriptive-analytical.Results: Valuation in economic discussions is a process that determines the current or current value of an asset, business or company with the help of various tools. This process can be very complicated and it is necessary for professionals to perform this activity using sufficient information and documentation. The main element in supporting literary and artistic works is to determine the role of the creator in the disputed work; Therefore, the work is not only said to create something that did not exist before, but also refers to what is created through the observation of previous works; Therefore, a work created by photographing a painting or adapting a sculpture will be protected as much as the creators of the original works.Conclusions: Literary and artistic property is one of the types of intellectual property, literary and artistic property is an important and valuable step in protecting the works of authors and writers. Intellectual and intellectual property rights are the main pillars and indicators to support the authors of literary and artistic works. Intellectual property protects the intellectual achievements and literary and non-material works of people and leads to the non-abuse of intellectual works by people. Literary and artistic works Assets that do not have objective and physical existence are said to have value in creating capital and wealth. These assets come from human mental and intellectual creativity and become the most important driving force in creating and economic growth. Therefore, researchers of literary works can share their works and intellectual products with investors in this field and lead to production and export. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_236099.html Objective: The advancement of news gathering and processing technologies with the help of artificial intelligence and algorithmization is driving news dissemination towards complete transformations. A type of news reporting by intelligent machines and software, known as automated journalism, has emerged, in which the collection and publication of news are done without human assistance. This has led to a transformation in the work, skills, and quality of journalism. The subject of this research is to explain the role of artificial intelligence and algorithms in automated journalism and to express their various characteristics and effects. Methods: This study uses a documentary and library method with a descriptive-analytical approach to examine and explain the various dimensions of automated journalism and its effects on the news industry. Results: The findings show that the automation of journalism has been effective in four main areas: automated content production, data mining, news broadcasting, and content optimization. Additionally, algorithms are increasingly used to collect, analyze, and process data, significantly facilitating the collection, selection, analysis, visualization, distribution, and sharing of data. Conclusions: Although automated journalism brings advantages such as speed, accuracy, efficiency, and cost reduction, it also poses challenges such as quality, credibility, ethics, and job threats to human journalists. Furthermore, the influence of interests on algorithms, their lack of transparency, and their bias are the most important challenges of automated journalism, which are not related to news based on norms, principles, and professional values. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_214062.html Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the nature of hybrid AI systems to overcome the shortcomings of AI systems based on focusing on optimizing AI for a more comprehensive understanding of humans.Methods:  In this study, information was analyzed using an inferential content analysis approach. During the document selection process, 55 out of a total of 93 documents and sources obtained were eliminated, and 38 of them (whose subject matter included the research title in general or in part) were selected and examined and analyzed as a whole.Results:  In the hybrid interaction between humans and AI, in addition to behavior based on algorithms that (think logically and act logically), this time there are systems that (think like humans and act like humans) so that we can witness the simulation of more intelligent behavior at the level of humans in all cognitive matters.Conclusion: According to the results of the study, in the future we will witness hybrid interaction between humans and AI (machines) and the promotion and optimization of this interactive pattern based on effective communication based on shared identity. Artificial intelligence and its technology acceptance by users show a persuasive cycle based on the coexistence of technology in the form of collaboration, shared awareness and human decision-making. In this research, we will focus on themes enhanced by hybrid interaction with knowledge management and human intelligence based on creativity, which will lead to a reduction in the average error and thus achieve a sustainable interactive process in the relationship between humans and artificial intelligence. Therefore, the level of technology acceptance can be increased to the level of acceptance as a member of the human community. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_237259.html Objective: This study was conducted with the aim of introducing the phenomenon of media replication as a theory and, in doing so, testing the formulated hypothesis. The hypothesis posits that when news item A is first published by Media 1, the nth media outlet (n=1,2,3, …) that replicates and publishes this news enters into the same news discourse as Media 1.Method: To carry out this research and test the hypothesis, content dissemination analysis was employed. The data collection tool in this study was note-taking. The research population consisted of daily and significant news items that are shared extensively by users across media outlets and social networks, trending and garnering higher viewership compared to other news. Sampling was purposive and conducted over a six-month period from December 22, 2024, to June 21, 2025.Findings: The examined news items were replicated by aligned media and, in some cases, by moderate and relatively neutral media outlets. This action by the media indicates the absence of a media orchestration (or directed flow) and points merely to media replication. Consequently, the research hypothesis is confirmed. Specifically, when a piece of news is published by one media outlet and replicated in others, all those media outlets enter the same news discourse as the original one. The detailed analyses of individual news items in the findings section demonstrate the validity of this hypothesis.Conclusion: An event whose news is replicated possesses news value for the target audience of those media outlets and is likely independent of the editorial policies of the respective media. In other words, the news value of the event drives the replication of the news across different media outlets. Based on a lenient analysis of bias, it can be argued that media outlets participating in news replication (prioritizing news value over editorial policy) exhibit less bias compared to those that do not participate. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_215031.html Objectives: The purpose of this article is to analyze the portrayal of Iran in the Russian media, particularly in the Ria Novosti news agency. Given the relations between Iran and Russia over have entered a new phase since the Islamic Revolution, understanding how Russian media shape’s public opinion is crucial.Method: Qualitative content analysis, utilizing thematic analysis techniques, was employed to conduct this research. News articles from the Russian news agency covering military-political, economic, and cultural-social topics between the start of the Russian-Ukrainian war on February 24, 2022, and the beginning of 2023 were examined. A total of 131 news items were reviewed and coded in three stages based on applied search criteria.Results: The analysis of news articles revealed key themes in three main areas: military-political, economic, and cultural-social. In the military-political realm, topics included the power of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps, bilateral military policies, the nuclear issue, sanctions and Iran's orientation towards the East.Economic themes encompassed the foundation of economic cooperation, sanctions' impact on cooperation, and efforts to reduce dependency on the dollar. Cultural and social topics highlighted the importance of cultural ties, and leveraging culture for bilateral benefit. Overall, the overarching themes of "challenging Western dominance," "strengthening East-East cooperation," and "cultural harmony between nations" emerged.Conclusions: Iran and Russia are working together to amplify their voices on the global stage and challenge the dominance of the West. Emphasizing the need to bolster bilateral ties and counter Western dominance, both Iran and Russia prioritize expanding relations and interactions. Achieving this goal hinges on promoting positive portrayals of interactions between the two nations and fostering favorable media representations of each other. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_220123.html Objective: The purpose of this study is to provide teachers with a comprehensive overview of the applications of artificial intelligence in education and learning through a systematic review of relevant studies. This review will cover the uses, challenges, and tools of AI in education.Method: This study is qualitative research conducted through a systematic review method. The statistical population included 62 articles and books related to the application of artificial intelligence in education and learning, from which 40 articles and books were purposefully selected based on the research questions. In the first step, within the time frame "from 2021 to 2025," reputable scientific databases and related resources available in IGI Global were searched using keywords related to artificial intelligence, and all relevant articles and texts were collected. The data were then analyzed using thematic analysis.Results: Based on the results of studies conducted in the field of artificial intelligence applications in education and learning, 17 main themes and 53 sub-themes were identified. In the area of challenges of artificial intelligence in education and learning, 7 main themes and 26 sub-themes were also identified. In addition, in the field of tools for applying artificial intelligence in education and learning, 45 different AI tools were identified, which were categorized into 6 groups. According to the findings, personalized teaching and learning; teaching assistants; content generation; guidance and support for learners; assisting in understanding complex scientific concepts; creating intelligent educational systems; and other items are among the applications of artificial intelligence in education and learning. Furthermore, ethical and security challenges, infrastructural challenges, accessibility challenges, legal challenges, policy challenges, socio-cultural challenges, and pedagogical challenges are among the challenges of artificial intelligence in education and learning. AI tools in education and learning include content generation tools, assessment and feedback tools, research assistants, classroom management and personalized learning tools, chatbots and intelligent assistants, and teaching assistants.Conclusions: Based on the results of studies conducted, it can be said that artificial intelligence has diverse applications in education and learning. However, teachers must be familiar with this technology, its capabilities, and its challenges to use it effectively in education and learning. They should also monitor students' activities within this technology and manage their usage, as inappropriate and unsupervised use can be harmful. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_216651.html Objective: Media regulation in Iran is approaching its first decade, encountering unprecedented challenges in governance due to the complex and rapidly evolving global media ecosystem, the expansion of domestic media platforms, the changing nature of regulatory frameworks, and the shifting dynamics with stakeholders and citizens. Consequently, identifying and outlining the key challenges impacting the design of a robust media regulatory system is essential. The importance of this issue lies in the fact that the regulatory challenges for organizing media ecosystems within the digital space are intensifying, making it vital for Iran to precisely assess these challenges and adopt a dynamic approach to media governance. This research aims to underscore the importance of effective media regulatory governance and to explore the numerous and diverse challenges that should be addressed in designing this regulatory framework. The main research question posed is: "What are the obstacles and challenges to designing a media regulatory governance system in Iran?"Methods: To answer this question, the study employs a qualitative grounded theory approach with a systematic methodology. Data were collected through purposive, semi-structured interviews with 16 experts, stakeholders, and key figures in Iran’s comprehensive audio-visual media regulatory sector.Results: Based on the findings, the primary challenges in designing Iran’s media regulatory governance system include legal and regulatory issues, media market and industry challenges, conflicts of interest, institutional and structural design issues, enforcement challenges, and future regulatory considerations.Coclusion: To effectively respond to these challenges, the media regulatory system is confronting a paradigmatic shift. It may require a fundamental transformation in its design and regulatory structure in order to adequately address these issues, or in other words, it may need to reinvent itself. The design and implementation of effective regulations are of particular importance in this context. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_214359.html Objective: The objective of this study is to examine and analyze the success strategies of Apple Inc., focusing on innovation, creative leadership, user experience, and an integrated business model.Method: This research employs a qualitative content analysis approach, reviewing 12 academic articles that each address various aspects of Apple’s performance and strategies. The selected articles analyze key topics related to product innovation, Steve Jobs' leadership, product ecosystem, user experience, and Apple’s branding.Findings: The findings reveal that continuous innovation and attention to user experience are crucial factors in Apple’s sustained competitive advantage and growth. Steve Jobs' leadership and his influence on fostering a culture of innovation at Apple created a creative environment that, with its emphasis on user-centered design, has positioned Apple as one of the most favored global brands. Additionally, by establishing an integrated ecosystem comprising hardware products, software, and digital services, Apple provides a cohesive experience for users, thereby enhancing customer loyalty. The findings also indicate that Apple’s shift in its business model towards digital services has helped to create a stable revenue source and reduce its reliance on hardware sales.Conclusion: In conclusion, this study suggests that Apple’s success can be attributed to strategies that prioritize creativity, innovation, and a focus on customer needs. Innovative leadership, a user-centered design approach, strong branding, and an integrated business model are identified as critical factors in Apple’s achievements. These strategies serve as valuable models for entrepreneurs and other companies aiming to achieve long-term success. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_218937.html Objective: This study examines the impact of knowledge management (KM) on the financial performance of Iranian insurance centers, emphasizing the mediating role of organizational culture. Given the insurance sector’s challenges such as outdated information systems, rigid cultural structures, and decline in return on investment among Iranian insurers due to ineffective systems, the research aims to bridge the gap in understanding how organizational culture facilitates the translation of KM initiatives into financial outcomes.Methods: A descriptive-correlational approach was employed, surveying 180 employees from insurance centers in Iranshahr using validated questionnaires measuring KM, organizational culture, and financial performance. Structural Equation Modeling analyzed the effects of KM and culture on financial performance.Results: The findings revealed: first, KM significantly influences organizational culture (β = 0.43, p < 0.01), particularly enhancing adaptive, participative, and innovative cultural dimensions. Second, KM directly impacts financial performance (β = 0.31, p < 0.01), with organizational culture further amplifying this effect (mediation effect = 0.16, p < 0.01). Third, organizational culture independently predicts financial performance (β = 0.38, p < 0.01), highlighting its dual role as a mediator and predictor. Conclusion: Organizational culture acts as a critical bridge between KM practices and financial success. Insurers must prioritize cultural adaptation e.g., fostering innovation, collaboration, and digital agility and invest in modern KM systems e.g., participatory platforms to enhance decision-making and customer-centric services. Practical recommendations include implementing dynamic capabilities frameworks and aligning KM strategies with Nguyen’s five-dimensional cultural model mission, participation, stability, adaptability, well-being to address systemic inefficiencies and improve ROI. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_220547.html Objective: This article examines the concept of being revolutionary and revolutionary spirit from the perspective of the Supreme Leader (from conceptualization to measurability) and considers the identification of revolutionary indicators and their knowledge as essential for understanding the identity opportunities and challenges influenced by the process of globalization and how to confront them. The main question of this research is to identify the components and elements of revolutionary spirit in the Iranian Islamic society. Method: This research employs a mixed-methods approach with an exploratory design. The statistical population includes experts from the academic community, as well as faculty and staff from educational fields. To collect data, a researcher-made interview and questionnaire were utilized, and descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Results: The results of this research indicate that an analysis of 35 speeches by the Supreme Leader revealed 23 themes related to revolutionary spirit. The main components of revolutionary spirit from the perspective of the Supreme Leader include: safeguarding the Islamic Revolution, moving towards spirituality, advocating for Islam, identity formation and enhancement, and learning from the Imam and his teachings.Conclusion: Based on the research findings and utilizing the derived model, it can be concluded that efforts should be made to strengthen the revolutionary spirit and maintain it among the youth, internalizing authentic revolutionary, religious, and Islamic values through cultural development, reforming the process of transferring values and norms to the new generation, and introducing spiritual and moral role models and icons. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_220550.html Objective: This study focuses on the design and conceptualization of a cross-media marketing process model in the life insurance industry and examines its impact on improving marketing and communication processes. With the rapid growth of digital media, the internet, and social networks, insurance companies need to adopt innovative marketing strategies to enhance customer interactions and increase their market share. The objective of this study is to present a comprehensive and practical model for cross-media marketing in the life insurance industry, assisting organizations in formulating optimal strategies to achieve customer loyalty and enhance marketing efficiency. Methods: This research employs a qualitative research approach, combining grounded theory analysis and Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM). Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with industry experts, university professors, and marketing managers of insurance companies. The research sample consisted of 15 experts in the fields of marketing and insurance management, selected using purposive and snowball sampling methods. The collected data underwent open, axial, and selective coding, leading to the development of the final model. Subsequently, ISM was used to determine the relationships between key variables and their hierarchical classification.  Results: The study's findings indicate that the cross-media marketing process is influenced by various factors classified into five main dimensions. The causal factors include managerial aspects, financial potential, communication potential, customer characteristics, and convenience, which were identified as key elements affecting cross-media marketing. The intervening conditions encompass environmental challenges, technological changes, and legal constraints that may impact the effectiveness of marketing strategies. The contextual conditions involve digital capabilities, communication infrastructure, and the level of customer awareness and knowledge regarding insurance services. Key strategic approaches include business improvement, knowledge development and training, and promoting innovation and creativity, which were identified as the most critical strategies for optimizing cross-media marketing. Finally, the ultimate outcomes include increased customer loyalty, enhanced word-of-mouth and viral advertising, higher brand engagement, and improved customer satisfaction with insurance services. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that implementing a cross-media marketing model can significantly enhance marketing performance in the life insurance industry. Utilizing digital marketing techniques and integrating multiple communication channels enable insurance companies to optimize customer interactions, gain a deeper understanding of customer needs, and create a better user experience. These strategies lead to increased customer trust, higher market share, and reduced advertising costs compared to traditional marketing methods. Ultimately, the research findings indicate that the success of cross-media marketing implementation depends on data-driven decision-making, optimizing digital infrastructure, and increasing customer awareness of insurance services https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_221138.html Objective:This research aims to identify and propose solutions to strengthen the social responsibility of journalists within the framework of the Press Law of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Social responsibility in journalism plays a vital role in enhancing public trust, transparency of information, and improving the quality of news dissemination. In this regard, this study examines how journalists' social responsibility can be reinforced through the provision of effective solutions within the existing legal framework.Methods:The current research is applied and quantitative, conducted through a survey method. The statistical population of this study includes active journalists in Iranian media. A sample size of 145 individuals was determined, and the accessible sampling method was used to select the participants. Data were collected through a questionnaire, and Cronbach's Alpha test was used to evaluate its reliability. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS and AMOS software, with statistical tests such as the one-sample t-test, first-order confirmatory factor model, and Friedman test used to assess hypotheses and prioritize solutions.Result:The findings of the research revealed that strengthening journalists' social responsibility is of great importance and can significantly improve their professional performance. The proposed solutions in this study include job security, support for journalists by professional organizations, professional independence, objectivity and impartiality, and specialized training. Job security was identified as the most important factor in strengthening journalists' social responsibility. The results show that journalists can perform at their best when they have job security and are not concerned about losing their job.Support from journalists' professional organizations is also an important factor in reducing economic pressures, which can guarantee their professional independence. Additionally, objectivity and impartiality in reporting help increase public trust in the media and lead to the dissemination of accurate and reliable information.Specialized training in journalism was also identified as a key factor in strengthening journalists' social responsibility. These training programs enhance journalists' professional skills and knowledge, preparing them to face ethical and professional challenges in this field. Furthermore, these programs can help journalists stay up-to-date with new changes and developments in the media landscape.The research findings indicated that journalists' political orientation does not have a significant impact on their social responsibility. This suggests that structural and professional factors such as job security, professional independence, and specialized training have a greater influence on journalists' social responsibility than their political views.Conclusions: this research recommends that policymakers and media managers take fundamental actions to strengthen journalists' social responsibility, including enhancing supportive laws, developing specialized training programs, and creating appropriate structures to preserve professional independence. These measures not only improve journalists' performance but can also contribute to increasing public trust and raising awareness of various societal issues. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_221360.html Objective: This research aims to investigate the relationship between social media and improving administrative health. The present study is of applied purpose, descriptive-correlational method, and survey type in terms of data collection.Methods The statistical population of the study included all managers and senior experts working in Tehran Municipality as well as university professors and researchers, 450 people were identified. The sampling method was simple random sampling, which selected 207 people based on the Cochran formula. The data collection method was a survey method using the social media questionnaire by Jahanbani (2018) and the administrative health questionnaire by Hoy and Feldman (1996). The collected data were analyzed in Spss-26 software using the correlation and multiple regression methods..Results: The collected data were analyzed using the Spss-26 software using multiple regression. The results showed that the significance level for the variable components of social media (amount of use, type of use, and level of trust) was less than 0.05.Conclusions: Results The results of Spearman correlation showed that all numbers are between zero and one and the significance level of the correlation coefficients is less than 0.05. As a result, the null hypothesis is rejected and the opposite hypothesis is confirmed, indicating that there is a significant correlation between all research variables. Also, the results of multiple regression showed that the significance level for the components of the social media variable (amount of use, type of use, and level of trust) is less than 0.05, so with 95% confidence, the presence of these three independent variables is significant for predicting the promotion of administrative health.for years, the only way to combat corruption was through coercive actions and the actions of supervisory bodies. Now, with the development of information infrastructure and the systematic implementation of most affairs, it must be accepted that the most effective method for improving administrative health is transparency and intelligence. Transparency with citizens and other stakeholders leads to the creation of public oversight, and decision-makers and senior managers see themselves exposed to the judgment of the real owners of the city, namely the citizens present; therefore, they examine issues more carefully and with more obsession. In addition, the accumulation of urban data in a collection called the Transparency Website creates a valuable resource for urban researchers who can review and analyze various data to produce pure and targeted reports to improve processes and decisions made and contribute effectively to city management. It is perhaps noteworthy that many of the issues that are now transparently available to citizens on the Transparency Website were not previously even available to city managers in an integrated manner, and this is another effect of transparency. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_221851.html Objective: The image that we have from the world around us is due to experience of exposure to reports and images presented by media. the way that women represented in media also is related to ideology, beliefs and content producer`s purposes and different representation will lead different interpretation from audiences. The image that media portrayed from the flows of women's lives in most of the time is on the basis of ideology govern their media and the media's definition of women is the repetition of stereotypical roles and stereotypes about them but they choose some content that is in accordance with their ideology and media policy and by ignoring the opposing views they leave the opposing views and thoughts unsaid. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to research the representation of Afghan women during the Taliban rule and before that on the BBC persian and Radio Farda news websites in the years 2020-2021.Methods: In this study it is used a content analysis to represent the role of women in media content.Results: The findings of this research showed that bias in media coverage of women's news is common and based on this, it can be said that in both websites in 2 years of this study, a negative image of Afghan women was presented in the news.Conclusions: In general, the approach of these two websites toward the issues of women is completly negative. On Radio Farda, whether before the Taliban rule or after, the representation of Afghan women is completely negative, while BBC Persian has paid a bit attention to positive news of women in the representation of Afghan women. However, when the Taliban coming to power, the coverage of positive news in Persian BBC has also decreased. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_222427.html Objective: Media entrepreneurship is a nascent field of study that can be studied from various perspectives. One of these views is the entrepreneurial activities of the media organization, which deals with how to cultivate and promote entrepreneurial activities within the media industry. The present research has investigated the influencing factors in the promotion of entrepreneurship of media organizations in Hamadan city. The problem of the current research is, what factors are effective in fostering organizational entrepreneurship in the country's media organizations? To find the answer, a case study has been conducted on the local press of Hamadan city.Methods: Using the conceptual framework including six variables of removing obstacles, reward dimension, employee motivation, management support dimension, delegation dimension, sufficient time dimension, the relationship of each of them with the dependent variable of organizational entrepreneurship was discussed. The population of this research included all employees and managers active in local newspapers in Hamadan city, and random sampling was used, and 227 people were selected. A questionnaire containing 32 questions was presented, which was analyzed using one-sample and bituminous tests, depending on the type of normal or non-normal distribution, to identify their impact with entrepreneurship in the media organization.Results: AS a result of the research, the direct influence of all variables except sufficient time with organizational entrepreneurship was confirmed. The researchers suggest that the managers of media organizations should create suitable conditions for entrepreneurial actions for the employees according to the influence of the studied variables.Conclusions: This study examines factors influencing entrepreneurship in media organizations, focusing on the press. Key findings reveal that removing obstacles, rewarding employees, managerial support, and delegating authority significantly enhance entrepreneurship. A strong positive correlation (0.673) exists between decision-making autonomy and entrepreneurial levels. Motivational measures and reducing bureaucratic barriers are critical, aligning with transformational management approaches. However, "sufficient time" as a variable was inconclusive, warranting further research. The study emphasizes a balanced approach across six key factors—reward systems, motivation, barrier removal, support, authority delegation, and time—to foster organizational entrepreneurship. Larger sample studies are recommended to refine variable weights and develop a comprehensive model for media entrepreneurship. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_227552.html Objective: This study explores practical solutions for enhancing user interaction and experience with digital news content. Amidst growing concerns about misinformation, declining trust in media, and superficial engagement on digital platforms, the research investigates how media organizations can foster deeper, more meaningful interactions with users. The central aim is to improve the quality of user experience in news consumption by addressing technological, psychological, and content-related factors.Methods: The research employs a qualitative methodology, specifically thematic analysis of data collected through semi-structured interviews. Purposeful sampling was used to select 16 participants, including journalists, media scholars, and digital platform developers. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed using MAXQDA software, allowing the researchers to extract key themes through a three-stage process: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. Themes were categorized into five dimensions: user experience, content, trust, discourse and policy-making, and user characteristics.Findings: The analysis revealed several interrelated factors that shape user engagement and experience with online news. These include:User Experience (UX): Effective UX requires fast-loading platforms, intuitive design, mobile compatibility, and secure infrastructure. Interactive features, multimedia elements, and personalization based on user behavior were found to significantly improve user engagement.Content: High-quality, relevant, multimedia-enriched content increases user retention and trust. Ethical considerations such as fairness, transparency, and narrative storytelling were emphasized as crucial to credibility.Trust: Building trust involves responsiveness to user feedback, accurate reporting, maintaining transparency, and encouraging two-way communication. Establishing media legitimacy and reliability is particularly important in state-controlled contexts.Policy and Discourse: Media organizations need to redefine traditional news values and focus on user needs. Social responsibility, ethical journalism, and clear editorial policies are vital to shaping a trustworthy media environment.User Behavior and Context: Psychological factors, educational background, digital literacy, and sociocultural context significantly affect how users engage with news. Personalized recommendations, while beneficial, must avoid creating filter bubbles.Conclusion: Improving user interaction with news content requires a holistic and user-centric strategy. This includes creating ethical, relevant content, enhancing usability, fostering user participation, and integrating emerging technologies such as AI. The study also highlights the importance of addressing systemic issues such as misinformation and media bias. By implementing these recommendations, media organizations—especially public broadcasters like IRIB—can enhance audience trust, promote media literacy, and build more engaging digital platforms https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_227881.html Objective: Quality of life, as a key indicator in the development of societies, is influenced by various factors, including economic, social, and cultural capital. Given the increasing number of pensioners in Iran and the role of the Social Security Organization in supporting this group, it is essential to examine the relationship between different types of capital and their quality of life. The aim of this research is to conduct a sociological analysis of the relationship between types of capital and the quality of life of pensioners of the Social Security Organization in Tehran with an emphasis on social security for journalists.Methods: The research method is descriptive-correlational, and the statistical population consists of all pensioners covered by the organization in the years 2024-2025. Data were collected using both standard and researcherdesigned questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using statistical software and structural equation modeling. The sample size was 155, selected using random sampling. To measure the components (subscales) of social capital, t-tests for a single sample were used for the studied variables.Results: Regarding economic capital, the distribution showed that 3.5% of respondents were categorized as poor and below the poverty line, 76% were at an average level, 18% were considered middle class, and 2.5% were categorized as affluent (wealthy). The highest frequency in terms of economic status was found in the middle and average class group. Additionally, the results of the structural equation modeling showed that social capital had the most significant impact on quality of life with a beta coefficient of 0.546, while economic and cultural capital had significant impacts with coefficients of 0.381 and 0.297, respectivelyConclusions: The results indicate that all indicators were generally rated as average to desirable. The findings reveal that the cultural capital and its subscales are rated as being at an average to above-average and desirable level. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_228584.html Objective: This article aims to analyze the Global Digital Compact by examining its objectives, legal nature, and structural shortcomings within the framework of international law. It further explores the mechanisms envisioned for its regional and global implementation, and seeks to situate the Compact within the broader context of the evolving international legal order and the future architecture of global digital governance. Methods: The research adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology, It critically examines the Compact’s drafting process, its institutional design, and its proposed legal framework. Official UN documents, along with reports and statements by relevant international organizations, serve as the basis for assessing the Compact’s normative significance and its projected role in the international digital governance landscape. Results: The rapid advancement of digital technology presents major global governance challenges. The UN's 2024 Global Digital Compact aims to create a shared framework for the digital world. However, critics worry it could worsen power imbalances and the digital divide. While a new UN office signals commitment, significant structural issues persist. Conclusions: The study concludes that the Global Digital Compact marks a significant step toward establishing a coherent and inclusive framework for international digital governance. Anchored in a multi-stakeholder and human rights–based approach, it aspires to address the pressing risks and disruptions brought by emerging technologies. However, given the Compact’s non-binding character and the dynamic nature of technological evolution, its success will ultimately depend on sustained political will, robust global cooperation, and its integration within existing international legal mechanisms https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_231092.html Objective: The purpose of the present study was the interpretive structural modeling indicators of social networks and mobile messengers for the development of the Internet of People (IoP) in Iran. This study is based on the practical goal and from the perspective of the method, it is in the field of mixed studies with the inductive-deductive approach. Identifying indicators of social networks and mobile messengers for the development of the Internet of People (IoP) was done through semi-structured interviews based on theoretical saturation with professors in information and communication technology and social sciences. Methods: The validity and reliability of the interviews were confirmed by the method of relative content validity and Cohen's kappa index, respectively. To model the indicators of social networks and mobile messengers for the development of the internet of people from the opinions of experts, responsible experts, heads of departments, deputies, and high-ranking managers of the Cyber ​​Space Council and executive bodies in the field of space in the number of 63 people with a targeted sampling method. And was used with the help of a questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed using content validity and the test-post-test method. Coding the resulting data using the MaxQda 2020 software led to the identification of 14 indicators of social networks and mobile messengers for the development of the Internet of People. Results: Modeling of identified factors with an interpretative structural method led to the formation of six levels, where data privacy and security concerns, upstream documents and digital literacy were the most effective factors, and empowerment through IoP cooperation was the most impressionable factor. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_233340.html Objective:This study aims to identify the factors influencing the dissemination of misinformation among citizens of Tehran and to develop a conceptual model elucidating its underlying dynamics. While information accuracy constitutes a fundamental principle of communication ethics, the proliferation of digital platforms—coupled with inadequate verification mechanisms—has facilitated the spread of false information. This research examines the dissemination of misinformation across individual, media, and institutional dimensions.Method:Employing a qualitative approach, this study conducted inductive thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with 18 key informants, including media professionals, communication scholars, and policy experts. Participants were selected through purposive and snowball sampling techniques until theoretical saturation was achieved. Data analysis was performed using MaxQDA software, employing a multi-stage coding process that yielded 131 initial codes, 40 organizing themes, and four overarching global themes.Findings:The proposed conceptual model delineates four interrelated dimensions: (1) macro-level structures and contexts, encompassing policy, regulatory, cultural, and technological infrastructures; (2) mechanisms that facilitate or inhibit information flow, including cognitive biases, algorithmic influences, and governance gaps; (3) consequences manifested at psychological, institutional, and societal levels; and (4) strategic responses aimed at enhancing media resilience. The model underscores that misinformation is not merely a product of individual cognition or media failure, but rather a manifestation of systemic, cultural, and regulatory deficiencies.Conclusions:The primary contribution of this study lies in the development of a context-specific, multi-dimensional model tailored to Iran's digital environment. By integrating micro-level behavioral insights with macro-level policy considerations, the model advances theoretical understanding and offers practical implications for media literacy initiatives, digital governance frameworks, and the development of resilient communication infrastructures. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_236423.html Objective: Mass media, particularly social networks and virtual space, are among the important tools for attracting public political participation in events such as elections and have played a role in shaping political discourse and electoral behavior worldwide. This research aims to investigate the extent of familiarity with and the strategic influence of social networks and virtual space on the electoral behavior of Tehrani citizens in the 2021 Iranian presidential election.Methods: This study employed a survey research method using a researcher-made questionnaire to examine the views of 390 eligible voters in Tehran. Additionally, correlation analysis and multivariate regression were used to test the research hypotheses.Results: The findings indicated that, according to the respondents, the component of passive electoral behavior (within the dimension of social participation) with a mean of 2.44 out of 5 (48.8%) ranked first among the research components, confirming the first hypothesis. The component of stereotypical electoral behavior (within the dimension of social participation) with a mean of 1.69 out of 5 (33.8%) ranked third, confirming the second hypothesis. This same component (stereotypical electoral behavior) was also reported with a mean of 1.84 out of 5 (36.8%) in third place, confirming the third hypothesis. The Pearson statistic for the influence of gender on electoral behavior in the 2021 election was 0.044, with a regression value of 0.045, confirming the fourth hypothesis. According to the respondents, the structural component of virtual social networks (within the dimension of social networks) ranked first with a mean of 2.89 out of 5 (57.8%), confirming the fifth hypothesis. The interactive component of virtual social networks (within the dimension of social networks) ranked second with a mean of 2.65 out of 5 (53.0%), confirming the sixth hypothesis. Furthermore, the interactive factor of virtual social networks (within the dimension of social networks) ranked third with a mean of 2.29 out of 5 (51.8%), confirming the seventh hypothesis. Therefore, it can be stated that social networks and virtual space have significantly influenced the dynamics of people's electoral behavior through different passive, stereotypical, and active approaches and have been able to increase the growth of public participation in elections.Conclusion: Social networks and virtual space have had a significant impact on the dynamics of public electoral behavior through different passive, stereotypical, and active approaches and have been able to enhance the development of electoral participation. The various interactive, structural, functional dimensions, as well as the characteristics of the active population present in social networks and virtual space, have significantly influenced political participation and electoral behavior. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_238666.html Objective: The aim of this research is to identify operational programs and present a portfolio of such programs that can lead to the maximum realization of news media objectives.Method: This research is applied in purpose, mixed-methods (qualitative and quantitative) in type, survey-based in foundation, and descriptive-analytical in nature. It is designed to provide practical solutions for the needs of the news media domain. Data collection and analysis were conducted at a specific point in time (Fall 2024). The statistical population of this research consists of experts and personnel in the field of news media, with 20 experts selected as the sample for the qualitative section and 384 news media personnel for the quantitative section. In this study, a systematic review, screening techniques, and structural equation modeling were used to present the model of the operational program portfolio.Results: In this research, to achieve the organizational objectives of news media, eight operational programs were identified: increasing audience confidence and trust, enhancing competitive advantages, expanding and intensifying reverse logistics programs, focusing on fairness and equality in news dissemination, adopting transformational leadership styles, increasing brand identity and value, increasing available resources (infrastructure, financial, human, and equipment), and comprehensive and accurate news coverage for achieving news media objectives. Based on the structural equation model at a 95% confidence level, all operational programs (except for enhancing competitive advantages) have a positive and significant effect on achieving the organizational objectives of news media in Tehran.Conclusion:This research provides new understanding and knowledge in the field of news media. Specifically, by presenting a model of a targeted operational program portfolio for news media, this study identified the operational programs of news media and measured the impact of each of these programs on their objectives. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_240649.html Objective: The principal objective of this study is to identify the challenges that the national media presents to the enforcement of the law on the protection of children and adolescents.Methodology: This research employs a descriptive-analytical method. Data were collected through both library research and field studies. In the field component, data were gathered using observation, questionnaires, and interviews. To this end, 20 senior officials from the national media, the secretary of the National Authority for Child Rights, and officials from the State Welfare Organization were selected through purposive sampling. Data collection continued until the point of information saturation was achieved.Results: The findings indicate that the aforementioned organization faces significant challenges, particularly in the areas of prioritizing law enforcement, budget allocation, managing multiple responsibilities, facilitating inter-organizational coordination, and monitoring the implementation of these responsibilities. The establishment of a supra-organizational body, such as the National Authority for Child Rights as stipulated in Article 6 of the aforementioned law, is deemed essential for overseeing the execution of these duties and ensuring inter-organizational coordination .Conclusions: This organization is identified as one of the most critical institutions, given its educational mandate as outlined in Part "H" of Article 6 of the Protection Law. The field assessment revealed notable challenges in the implementation of the aforementioned article. These challenges have impeded the full realization of the protection process for at-risk children and adolescents, as well as for victims. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_240804.html Objective: This study aimed to investigate the role of post-war political and media discourses in the phenomenon of suicide in Ilam Province.Methods: A survey-based research design was employed. The target population consisted of individuals aged over 18 years residing in Ilam Province. A stratified random sampling method was utilized to select 384 participants (230 men and 154 women), proportionally allocated according to the demographic composition of the region. Data were collected using a researcher-designed questionnaire comprising four sections: demographic information, assessment of political and media discourses (constructivism, reform, justice-oriented, moderation, and resistance), the perceived impact of discourses on social and psychological issues, and the level of satisfaction with these discourses. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software, employing statistical methods including the Pearson correlation coefficient, one-way ANOVA, and regression analysis.Results: The findings revealed that the reform and constructivism discourses had the most significant positive impact on reducing suicide rates. Furthermore, the media played an effective role in facilitating the transmission of discursive messages and enhancing social cohesion. The resistance discourse, due to its focus on macro-level issues and its neglect of social and psychological needs, demonstrated an inverse effect and was associated with an increase in suicide rates. The justice-oriented discourse had a lesser impact on reducing suicide rates, while no significant effect was observed for the moderation discourse. Additionally, social cohesion, reduced deprivation, and improved cultural conditions were identified as significant factors contributing to lower suicide rates. Conversely, unemployment and poverty were positively associated with an increase in suicide rates.Conclusions: The research findings indicate that political and media discourses, particularly those of reconstruction and reform, have played a significant role in reducing suicide rates by strengthening social cohesion and mitigating economic and psychological disparities. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_240650.html Objective: Messaging platforms such as WhatsApp, Instagram, and Telegram have increasingly become instrumental in initiating, developing, and substantiating claims in family law disputes. In matters pertaining to divorce, child custody, or spousal and child support, parties frequently rely on messages, images, or voice recordings exchanged through these platforms. Despite this growing reliance, the Iranian legal system lacks a coherent legal framework governing the admissibility and probative value of such electronic evidence. While general statutory provisions address issues such as surveillance, unauthorized access, and data disclosure, the legal status of electronic evidence in the context of family law remains ambiguous—particularly with respect to the legitimacy of its acquisition, attribution to specific individuals, and compatibility with privacy rights. Accordingly, the central research question of this study is: What is the legal status of messages exchanged via messaging platforms in proving claims within Iranian family law?Methods: This study adopts an analytical and comparative legal methodology to evaluate the evidentiary function of communications on social media platforms in Iranian family law. It also proposes legislative reforms aimed at enhancing legal clarity, consistency, and the protection of individual rights.Results: Under the Electronic Commerce Act of the Islamic Republic of Iran, courts may not reject electronic documents solely on the basis of their form or format. Messages exchanged via online platforms fall within the definition of "data messages" and may therefore be submitted as evidence in judicial proceedings.Conclusions: An examination of relevant legal provisions and technical safeguards—such as one-time passwords (OTPs), login notifications, and unique identifiers—demonstrates that such communications satisfy the criteria for reliable data messages. Furthermore, lawful access to these communications does not necessarily violate privacy rights, recognizing that electronic correspondence inherently entails a certain degree of privacy compromise. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_229014.html Objective: At present, the prevailing approach to confronting the media (soft) war in our country is predominantly negative, while social and cultural planning in this area has been largely neglected. The objective of the present study is to investigate and analyze the positive and negative effects of virtual social networks on social capital, with a focus on comparing urban and rural areas.Methods: This study employed a descriptive-correlational design and was conducted using structural equation modeling.Results: The estimated values indicated that although the use of social networks was significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas, these networks had a greater impact on fostering the components of social capital among rural residents compared to their urban counterparts. To examine the difference in the means of the independent variable (the role of virtual networks) and the dependent variable (place of residence), a one-sample t-test was used. The results of the t-test, assuming equal variances, revealed a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.002, F = 2.56) with a 95% confidence interval.Conclusions: There is a significant difference between rural and urban residents in terms of the type and level of activity in social networks. Respondents acknowledged both the positive and negative consequences of using virtual social networks. The effects on individuals' physical and mental health were equally emphasized by both rural and urban users. Regarding the influence of virtual networks on family and social relationships, the most notable findings indicated an increase in social participation and the development of civil society in rural areas. Conversely, in urban areas, negative consequences included emotional distance between children and parents, the weakening of the family institution, the emergence of family disputes, and the formation of unconventional friendships. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_240489.html Objective: This study aims to explore the characteristics and functions of educational theater in conveying health and hygiene messages, as perceived by professors and experts in the fields of communication and theater.Method: A qualitative research design was employed, utilizing thematic analysis as the analytical technique. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 experts specializing in health communication and educational theater to address the research questions.Results: The findings reveal that for health messages delivered through theatrical media to be effective, they must be “aligned with the audience’s interests,” “clear, simple, and comprehensible,” and capable of “conveying a sense of self-efficacy to the audience.”Conclusions: The majority of respondents identified theater as an appropriate medium for health education and promotion. Although this potential has not been adequately recognized or utilized in Iran thus far, numerous capacities remain to be developed in this area. The experts participating in this study acknowledged that for educational theater to be active, democratized, and interactive, it must first undergo a transformation in its communication model. In practice, this involves dissolving the artificial boundary between performers and spectators, thereby transforming all participants into "spect-actors." By democratizing the stage, theater can foster a culture of dialogue both horizontally among individuals and vertically between the public and authorities. This form of theater should enable the actor to first cultivate internal dialogue and subsequently engage in dialogue with others. In this context, educational theater provides a platform for children, adolescents, and young adults to acquire fundamental life skills and expand their knowledge through role-playing or interaction with performers.The experts further acknowledged that educational theater creates a space in which abilities are actualized and nurtured; latent potential becomes manifest. Individuals are afforded the opportunity to explore, discover, and understand themselves, thereby acquiring new dimensions of identity. Within this framework, the learner becomes the central subject of the educational process, and emancipatory education is grounded in reciprocal, dialogue-centered relationships. This represents an educational paradigm that prioritizes participation and empathy over control and competition.The researchers also identified "edutainment" as a significant domain within health communication. Educational theater can be regarded as one of the most effective approaches to learning through entertainment and can be strategically employed in educational interventions. The use of theater in public spaces can substantially enhance public engagement. Education through entertainment, when tailored to the specific needs of diverse groups—including rural and urban populations, housewives, and others—can effectively support the objectives of health communication. Additionally, the concept of theater therapy was emphasized by the experts. Drama therapy involves a set of techniques that, through theatrical improvisation, cultivate and expand latent or suppressed talents and capacities related to mental life and emotional imagination. In therapeutic theater, not only are lived realities represented, but phenomena that have never occurred—or may never be possible—are also explored. Theater therapy can serve as an innovative tool for health and wellness education.Ultimately, health education plays a pivotal role in fostering community participation in health promotion, achieved through the dissemination of existing knowledge regarding health and illness. Nevertheless, health education initiatives that adopt a top-down pedagogical model and rely on a purely biomedical understanding of health have often failed to genuinely encourage social engagement. In contrast, participatory approaches enhance individuals’ self-reliance and autonomy and are increasingly employed in contemporary health education and communication strategies to promote public health. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_241247.html Objective: This study aims to identify and analyze the dominant themes present in urban murals in Tehran and to explore how these themes are articulated through their expressive and visual forms. It further seeks to provide a comparative analysis of selected murals located in major urban squares across the city.Method: Adopting a qualitative research design, this study employs qualitative content analysis alongside semiotic analysis, drawing on the theoretical frameworks of Roland Barthes and Stuart Hall. The empirical corpus consists of mural images displayed in five symbolically significant squares in Tehran—Vali-Asr, Enghelab, Palestine, Jihad, and Vanak—during the period 1399–1404 (2020–2025).Results: The results indicate that nearly all identified themes—spanning social, cultural, and political spheres—are systematically organized around the ideological foundations of the Islamic Republic of Iran. A variety of expressive strategies are employed; however, slogan-based and textual forms of address demonstrate greater prominence in terms of semantic frequency. Moreover, direct visual representation techniques, such as simulation and realistic depiction, occur more frequently than symbolic or abstract visual modes. Among the five squares examined, Vali-Asr Square holds a central and dominant position in articulating and disseminating diverse ideological themes through artistic and expressive modalities.Conclusions: The findings reveal that while some mural themes convey a single dominant layer of meaning, others encompass multiple layers of signification. In the social domain, themes pertaining to population and family issues, as well as social and welfare services, exhibit a higher frequency of meaning production. Within the cultural and religious domain, themes related to religious occasions and rituals, along with national ceremonies and celebrations, are notably prominent. In the political domain, themes such as the threat against Israel and Iran’s missile capabilities appear with significant frequency and emphasis.  https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_241355.html Objective: The exponential expansion of private satellite operations has fundamentally reconfigured the normative architecture of international space law, raising complex questions regarding the scope, structure, and intensity of State responsibility. Within this dynamic legal landscape, launching States occupy a pivotal juridical position, as they remain the primary subjects of international responsibility for national space activities conducted by both governmental and non-governmental entities. Pursuant to Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty, States bear international responsibility for activities carried out in outer space under their jurisdiction, irrespective of whether such activities are undertaken by public authorities or private corporations. This doctrinal framework establishes a dual-layered model of accountability: externally, States are internationally responsible vis-à-vis the international community; internally, they are obligated to establish robust domestic regulatory regimes that ensure the authorization, licensing, and continuous supervision of private satellite operators.Method: The research method employed in this study is descriptive and library-based, utilizing doctrinal analysis of treaties and the general principles of international law governing State responsibility. In this context, relevant documents pertaining to domestic regulatory frameworks and State practices in supervising private satellite operators have been examined, analyzed, and evaluated. Furthermore, the normative standards of due diligence concerning sustainability and the responsibility for transnational risk management have been critically assessed.Results: The findings indicate that launching States play a central role in maintaining legal stability and ensuring space security. State responsibility extends beyond conventional treaty obligations to encompass general international law and evolving due diligence standards. Furthermore, the proliferation of private satellite operations generates inherent tensions between national regulatory autonomy and the collective interests of the international community.Conclusions: The responsibility of the launching State constitutes a cornerstone of international space governance. However, existing legal frameworks require interpretive refinement to adequately address the challenges posed by privatization and to ensure the sustainable use of outer space. A recalibrated understanding of State responsibility is necessary to balance national oversight mechanisms with the collective interest of the international community in preserving space as a global commons. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_241425.html Objective: The purpose of this research is to examine the role of the United States intelligence community in the recent data-driven war against the Islamic Republic of Iran, drawing a comparison with similar targeted operations against Russian commanders in Ukraine. Specifically, the study investigates the global consequences of violating individuals' right to privacy from the perspective of international law.Method: This research employed a descriptive-analytical method, focusing on the right to privacy of individuals to examine the actions of the American intelligence community, particularly those leveraging artificial intelligence, in the global violation of this right. Primary sources related to CENTCOM's cooperation with the Israeli regime were reviewed, drawing upon credible scientific reports from think tanks and research centers, as well as official statements and declarations.Findings: The findings of this research indicate that over the past two decades, the United States has developed data-driven warfare by leveraging artificial intelligence technologies, leading to violations of individuals' privacy in multiple jurisdictions, including Russia and Iran.Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that, according to explicit statements made by the US President on November 6, 2025, CENTCOM, under the command of General Erik Kurilla, played a role in the direction and control of the conflict that began on June 13, 2025. This involvement extended to specific operations, including the targeting of several prominent university professors, senior military commanders, and their families in residential and civilian areas. Such actions constitute a flagrant violation of the right to privacy, given the long-term collection and continuous processing of these individuals' personal data. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_241823.html Objective: As a novel social phenomenon, cyberspace has significantly influenced various aspects of individuals' lives, particularly in the domain of fashion and clothing within families, leading to substantial transformations in social patterns. Fashion, as a construct fundamentally dependent on socialization processes and media representation, constitutes a significant mode of communication that shapes women's consumer behavior. Given the prevailing fashion and clothing patterns in Iran—largely shaped by the proliferation of the Internet and social media—the detrimental influence of Western advertising models disseminated through these platforms is increasingly evident. In order to contribute to the development of a localized framework, the present study aims to investigate the determinants of fashion and clothing in Iran through a meta-analytic synthesis of existing research.Method: This study employed a quantitative meta-analytic design to synthesize the findings of prior empirical research. A total of 151 articles were initially identified, drawn from Persian-language scientific journals published between 2013 and 2023 (1392–1402 in the Iranian calendar) and from international journals published between 2015 and 2023. Following the application of predefined methodological inclusion criteria, 41 articles were selected for the meta-analysis. These studies were analyzed using the comparative (correlation) method implemented in the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA2) software.Results: Based on the effect sizes estimated under the random-effects model, the largest summary effect sizes were observed for media exposure (0.56) and fashion orientation (0.50). These were followed by conspicuous consumption (0.47), type of clothing/veiling (0.47), and social networks (0.43). To assess the statistical significance of the correlation coefficients, a two-tailed significance test was conducted. The results indicated that, after excluding outlier studies and calculating an overall effect size of 0.05, the included studies demonstrated a low correlation coefficient (−1 < R < +1) that was not statistically significant at the two-tailed level. This finding suggests the presence of publication bias, as the overall effect size fell substantially below the average range.Conclusion: The findings suggest that, contrary to emphasizing the type of cyberspace usage as a determinant of values and clothing practices in academic studies, variables such as media consumption, national branding, and conspicuous consumption exert a moderate influence on shaping clothing patterns in Iran. These results underscore the importance of considering sociocultural and media-related factors in the development of localized fashion and clothing frameworks. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_241916.html Objective: The simultaneous presence of globalization and localism as two prevailing currents in the contemporary world has posed significant challenges to national identity across various countries. Considering the role of social media in this dynamic, the present study investigates the extent of social media usage and its relationship with adherence to national identity.Method: The statistical population of this research comprised all individuals aged 18 to 35 in Tehran, from which 400 participants were selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a survey method, with a questionnaire serving as the primary research instrument. The validity of the instrument was assessed through face validity, and its reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS statistical software.Results: The findings indicated that although no significant correlation was observed between the overall use of social media (including both domestic and foreign platforms) and young people's adherence to national identity and its components, a significant relationship emerged when each category of social media was examined separately. Specifically, the use of foreign social media showed an inverse correlation with adherence to national identity, whereas the use of domestic social media demonstrated a direct correlation.Conclusions: The duration of social media use alone does not sufficiently explain the extent of young people's adherence to national identity and its components. Rather, this relationship is substantially mediated by the affiliation of social media platforms with particular political structures and, consequently, the nature of the content they disseminate.  https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_241917.html Objective: Objective: This study investigates the representation of India’s emergence as a global power in two influential Telegram-based news outlets, BBC Persian and Al-Alam. It seeks to identify the dominant semantic domains, discursive strategies, and underlying power relations embedded in the production and recontextualization of news pertaining to India. By examining how India is discursively constructed as an emerging power, the research aims to compare the representational patterns across the two media platforms and to elucidate how media logics shape perceptions of India’s regional and global role, particularly in relation to Iran and the broader international order.Method: This study adopts a quantitative research design grounded in systematic content analysis. News items concerning India, published on the Telegram channels of BBC Persian and Al-Alam between 21 March 2024 and 19 March 2026, were comprehensively collected and analyzed. A coding scheme was developed in accordance with the research objectives, encompassing categories such as type of relations, news genre, linguistic style, domestic and foreign policy issues, coverage of sanctions, relations with great powers, economic and commercial topics, cultural and artistic content, and societal and security-related matters. A total of 119 relevant content units were identified, coded, and entered into statistical software. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and appropriate inferential tests to compare distributions and identify statistically significant differences between the two channels.Results: The findings reveal that internal relations and journalistic discourse constitute the predominant patterns in the representation of India across both Telegram channels. Nevertheless, the distribution and emphasis of thematic categories differ significantly. Al-Alam allocates a greater proportion of its coverage to concrete economic issues, security concerns, and social affairs, portraying India as a multidimensional emerging power characterized by economic potential and strategic capabilities. This representation underscores India’s internal dynamics and its positioning as a potential partner within a broader non-Western and multipolar framework. In contrast, BBC Persian places greater emphasis on general economic issues, inflation, and structural challenges, presenting India as an emerging power grappling with persistent economic and political difficulties. Statistical comparisons further reveal distinct patterns in the coverage of relations with great powers, foreign policy orientations, and references to Iran and the surrounding region, reflecting divergent editorial policies and narrative strategies.Conclusion: In sum, the representation of India’s emergence as a global power in BBC Persian and Al-Alam is shaped by differing logics of representation, agenda-setting, framing, and gatekeeping. Al-Alam’s emphasis on internal relations, tangible economic and security dimensions, and regional cooperation situates India within a multipolar international order aligned with non-Western powers. Conversely, BBC Persian’s focus on economic and political challenges, coupled with its more formal and critical register, frames India’s rise in a more problem-oriented manner. These findings demonstrate that media representations of emerging powers are not neutral reflections of reality but are actively constructed through professional routines and ideological orientations, ultimately shaping audience perceptions of India’s status and its relationship with Iran and the global system. https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_241925.html Objective: This study seeks to address existing gaps in the literature through a rigorous methodological framework. The core research questions are: What are the components and variables constituting the cognitive warfare model employed against the Islamic Revolution? And what constitutes the most effective strategic response by the Revolution to counter such warfare?Method: A mixed-method approach was adopted. The SEM component of the study drew upon three data sources: a systematic literature review, semi-structured elite interviews, and document analysis of both domestic and international sources. Thematic propositions derived from these sources were coded and subsequently validated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA and CFA). The validated model was then subjected to analysis using cross-impact and balanced impact matrix methodologies within the Scenario Wizard software to formulate optimal strategic responses.Results: The validated model identified four principal components and 21 significant variables constituting the structure of adversarial cognitive warfare. The model demonstrated strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.79) and satisfactory statistical fit indices (KMO = 0.701; RMSEA = 0.03). Furthermore, three robust and highly compatible strategic responses were derived: (1) the institutionalization of strategic management, emphasizing structured monitoring and crisis control of revolutionary functions; (2) media self-legitimation, focused on communicating achievements and values to garner public and elite trust, aligned with the concept of "explanatory jihad"; and (3) ideological revitalization, aimed at reviving revolutionary values and behaviors through community mobilization, cognitive training, and public advocacy.Conclusion: This research presents a multidimensional, empirically validated model for understanding the structure and dynamics of cognitive warfare against the Islamic Revolution. By integrating structural equation modeling with strategic scenario analysis, the study bridges theoretical and practical perspectives. Its findings equip policymakers and scholars with actionable insights for safeguarding national identity, enhancing cognitive resilience, and securing the future of the Islamic Revolution against evolving psychological and technological threats.  https://www.mjourcom.ir/article_241959.html Objective: This study examines the ethical responsibilities of media institutions through the lens of Islamic teleological ethics, drawing upon the Qur’an and other foundational Islamic texts. In an era where media exerts significant influence on public perception, cultural norms, and collective behavior, there is a pressing need for a normative framework to guide media practices. Islamic ethics—particularly its teleological dimension—underscores the ultimate purpose of human life as spiritual development and the pursuit of eternal felicity. Accordingly, the role of media should extend beyond the mere transmission of information to encompass moral and social responsibility. This research aims to construct an Islamic ethical paradigm for media conduct that integrates truthfulness, social accountability, and respect for human dignity.Method: This qualitative study employs a descriptive-analytical approach, combined with content analysis of primary Islamic sources. Data collection involved a comprehensive review of Qur’anic verses, Prophetic traditions (ḥadīth), classical exegeses, and scholarly works on Islamic moral philosophy. Ethical principles relevant to media practice—such as truthfulness, justice, privacy, and public welfare—were identified and interpreted from a teleological perspective. The study seeks to develop a value-based framework that reflects both the spiritual objectives of Islam and the complexities of contemporary media environments.Results: The findings indicate that Islamic ethics encompasses both deontological and teleological dimensions, offering a multifaceted perspective on media responsibilities. From this standpoint, media institutions are expected to uphold values such as honesty (al-ṣidq), fairness (al-ʿadl), and respect for individual privacy. Qur’anic injunctions—including “Do not mix the truth with falsehood” (Qur’an 2:42), “Do not spy” (Qur’an 49:12), and “Do not pursue that of which you have no knowledge” (Qur’an 17:36)—provide foundational guidelines that prohibit misinformation, protect personal boundaries, and mandate accuracy in reporting.The study also identifies structural and ethical challenges, including tensions between commercial incentives and moral obligations, the increasing prevalence of sensationalism, and the ethical conflict between freedom of expression and the duty to preserve social harmony. In crisis situations, for instance, the uncontrolled dissemination of information may inadvertently provoke social unrest or public confusion—outcomes inconsistent with the ethical aims of Islam.Conclusions: Islamic teleological ethics offers a purpose-driven framework for guiding media conduct, integrating both moral duties and the pursuit of higher objectives such as truth, justice, and social well-being. This perspective recognizes that media are not neutral conveyors of information but influential agents in shaping public values and societal cohesion.The findings suggest that media should adhere to principles such as honesty, fairness, respect for privacy, and accountability for social impact. Within Islamic ethics, these principles are not merely procedural norms but are grounded in the ultimate goal of human moral and spiritual development.To operationalize this framework, several key strategies are proposed:1.    Development of ethical guidelines informed by Qur’anic teachings to address contemporary media challenges.2.    Integration of ethics education into media professional training to enhance awareness and accountability.3.    Establishment of independent oversight bodies, grounded in Islamic values, to monitor content and promote responsible practices.4.    Implementation of recognition systems to incentivize ethical commitment within the media sector.By aligning media practices with Islamic teleological ethics, societies can foster greater public trust, reduce the prevalence of harmful content, and promote communication that upholds both individual dignity and collective moral growth. This integration holds the potential to cultivate a more ethically conscious media landscape—one that contributes positively to both worldly stability and spiritual aspirations.