فصلنامه علوم خبری

فصلنامه علوم خبری

حقوق خبرنگاران در زمان مخاصمات مسلحانه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. رایانامه: kian.biglarbeigi@gmail.com
2 . کارشناس ارشد حقوق مالکیت فکری، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران. رایانامه: solhchis@gmail.com
3 استاد، گروه حقوق، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران. (نویسنده مسئول)، رایانامه: s.azizi@basu.ac.ir
10.22034/lrsi.2025.507146.1332
چکیده
هدف: همواره حقوق خبرنگاران چه در زمان صلح و چه در زمان درگیری مسلحانه مورد تضعییع قرار گرفته است. از این‌رو سؤال اصلی پژوهش حاضر آن است که خبرنگاران تحت چارچوب حقوق بین‌الملل بشردوستانه دارای چه حقوقی می‌باشند؟ هم‌چنین از آن‌جایی‌که امروزه با گسترش روزافزون فناوری‌ها، با جنگ‌ سایبری نیز روبرو هستیم؛ بررسی و مداقه حقوق آنان در پرتو جنگ‌ سایبری نیز لازم می‌نماید.
روش پژوهش: در مقاله حاضر با روش تحلیلی– توصیفی و شیوه‌ی گردآوری اطلاعات به‌صورت کتابخانه‌ای، به بررسی اسناد، حقوق بین‌الملل عرفی و قطعنامه‌های مربوط پرداخته شده است.
یافته‌ها: رسانه‌های جمعی و عوامل انسانی آن‌ها، از آزادی مطبوعات به‌عنوان یکی از شرایط بنیادین آزادی اطلاع‌رسانی در مفهوم آن برخوردارند. خبرنگاران و روزنامه‌نگاران از طریق اطلاع‌رسانی صحیح، روشن و دقیق از عملکرد مسئولین و مقامات، مردم را نسبت به اعمال وظایف و هم‌چنین خطاهای آن‌ها آگاهی می‌بخشند؛ بنابراین اگر آزادی مطبوعات سلب نشود، آن‌ها می‌توانند در پیشرفت و توسعه جامعه گام‌های مؤثری بر دارند. از سوی‌دیگر، در شرایط بحران، رسانه‌ها وسیله ارتباطی بسیار مهمی هستند که به مردم اطلاع می‌دهند که در کجا چه اتفاقی می‌افتد و به‌عنوان سازکار ارتباطی و واسطه، به نجات جان انسان‌ها کمک می‌کنند. بنابراین در زمان مخاصمات مسلحانه، حقوق خبرنگاران به‌عنوان عاملی کلیدی در انتقال اطلاعات و شفافیت مسائل جاری، اهمیت ویژه‌ای پیدا می‌کند و حفاظت از امنیت خبرنگاران از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است.
نتیجه­ گیری: نقض حقوق خبرنگاران، اوّل، به ­عنوان تخلف از تعهدات بین‌المللی که دولت‌ها با امضاء و تصویب آن­ها در توافق­نامه­ ها و معاهدات مختلف انجام داده‌اند؛ دوم، نقض قواعد حقوق بین­الملل بشردوستانه از منظر ماهیت عرفی آن؛ سوم، باعث تضعیف اعتبار و شکل‌گیری حقوق بشر در سطح بین‌المللی؛ و چهارم، امکان رسیدگی دیوان بین­ المللی کیفری یا سایر دیوان­ های ذی­صلاح به جرایم ناقضان حقوق خبرنگاران تلقی می­ گردد و لذا در این ­سیاق، با توجه آن­که نقض حقوق خبرنگاران نه­ تنها به­ عنوان یک موضوع اخلاقی، پیامدهای جدی حقوقی و بین‌المللی برای دولت‌ها نیز به همراه دارد، حمایت از حقوق خبرنگاران امری ضروری تلقی می­گردد.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Journalists' Rights in Armed Conflicts

نویسندگان English

Kian Biglarbeigi 1
Sara Solhchi 2
Sattar Azizi 3
1 Ph.D. Candidate in International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: kian.biglarbeigi@gmail.com
2 MA. in Intellectual Property Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Allameh Tabataba'I University, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: solhchis@gmail.com
3 Corresponding author, Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Humanities, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. E-mail: s.azizi@basu.ac.ir
چکیده English

Objective: Journalists' rights have frequently been violated, both in times of peace and armed conflict. Accordingly, the main research question of this study is: What rights do journalists have under the framework of international humanitarian law? Furthermore, given the rapid expansion of technology and the emergence of cyber warfare, it is also necessary to examine journalists' rights in the context of cyber warfare. 
Methods: The present article adopts an analytical-descriptive approach and utilizes a library-based research method to analyze relevant documents, customary international law, and pertinent resolutions.
Results: Mass media and their human agents enjoy press freedom as one of the fundamental conditions of the right to freedom of information. Journalists and reporters, through accurate, clear, and precise reporting on the actions of officials and authorities, inform the public about the fulfillment of duties as well as any errors committed. Therefore, as long as press freedom is not curtailed, they can play a significant role in the progress and development of society. On the other hand, in times of crisis, the media serve as a crucial communication tool that informs people about events occurring in different locations and, as an intermediary mechanism, helps save lives. Consequently, during armed conflicts, journalists'rights gain special importance as they play a key role in transmitting information and ensuring transparency in ongoing issues, making the protection of journalists' security a matter of paramount importance.
Conclusions: The violation of journalists’ rights can be considered: first, as a breach of international obligations that states have undertaken by signing and ratifying various agreements and treaties; second, as a violation of international humanitarian law rules due to their customary nature; third, as a factor that undermines the credibility and development of human rights at the international level; and fourth, as grounds for prosecution by the International Criminal Court or other competent tribunals for crimes committed against journalists. Therefore, in this context, given that violations of journalists’ rights not only raise ethical concerns but also entail serious legal and international consequences for states, protecting journalists’ rights must be regarded as a necessity.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Journalist
Armed Conflict
International Humanitarian Law
Cyber Warfare
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