Objective: In the 21st century, individuals' daily lives and activities have been transformed by the internet and digital technologies. With the increasing advancement of the digital age, cyberspace is increasingly targeted by unethical abuses and illegal activities. Cyber attacks have created new methods for violating the sovereignty of governments and the rights of their citizens. This research examines the laws and international documents related to combating cybersecurity breaches.
Method: This study employs a descriptive-analytical approach. First, the concepts of cybercrime and cybersecurity are explained; then, relevant laws and guidelines are examined within the framework of international documents and Islamic criminal law.
Results: The findings of this research indicate that there are significant gaps in existing criminal laws regarding cybersecurity breaches. A comparison of different legal systems reveals diversity in approaches to dealing with this phenomenon. Despite international efforts such as the Budapest Convention and the Tallinn Manual, there is still no unified legal framework for combating cybercrime globally. The main problems include differences in judicial jurisdictions, difficulty in collecting digital evidence, and weakness in international cooperation.
Conclusion: To effectively combat cybersecurity breaches, it is essential that criminal laws be updated in accordance with technological advances. This requires precise definition of cybercrimes, improvement of judicial procedures, strengthening international cooperation, and development of preventive mechanisms. Islamic criminal law can also be helpful in this area by utilizing jurisprudential capacities. The future will be accompanied by more complex cybercrimes that will be more difficult to detect and pursue. Formulating appropriate criminal laws in the field of cybersecurity can help effectively protect individuals and organizations against damages caused by cyber attacks.